Here's a few of histories of ATC ...Off topic about air traffic control. Years ago when there was only a few national airlines each of the airlines did some sort of en route ATC. How it worked unknown. Maybe It ended after the mid air collision over the Grand Canyon ? Airport control towers were different as airports operated the towers.
https://www.natca.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/NATCA_ATC_History.pdf
https://www.faa.gov/about/history/m...g_75_Years_of_Federal_Air_Traffic_Control.pdf
https://catsr.vse.gmu.edu/SYST460/Chap1HistoryofAirTrafficControl.pdf
The last one makes reference to the Department of Commerce requesting some carrier's (TWA, EAL, AA, and UAL to temporarily operate their own ATC Units, until relieved by the government.