Lessons from UK Ladbroke Grove crash 25 years on, plus Odisha crash

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I came across this BBC report on a UK train crash, which has a separate video embedded about the Odisha Indian train crash, and rail safety worldwide. (The A.I. content in the video is a bit tedious, but overall the video is informative.)

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cje3kd8y1j0o
I wonder, how extensive is the adoption of TPWS in the UK? I was under the impression that there are still lines that only have AWS, although they may be ones with little traffic or freight only. (TPWS is an ATC type system that will stop a train if it passes a red signal, whereas the older AWS only provides a warning that the driver must acknowledge else the brakes are applied.)
 
When I worked at B.R. over 40 years ago, AWS was the common safety standard. I have no information about more modern systems, although the video mentions a new "digital" system due in 2025. I wonder if that is going to be similar to that new Indian system called Armour?
I understand that the London Underground has a mechanical system where a lever will rise when the signal is red, and "catch" a stopcock on the train passing a red signal, and thus apply brakes automatically.
It seems that both the major accidents mentioned were caused by incorrect track and signaling repairs and maintenance as primary cause?
 
I came across this BBC report on a UK train crash, which has a separate video embedded about the Odisha Indian train crash, and rail safety worldwide. (The A.I. content in the video is a bit tedious, but overall the video is informative.)

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cje3kd8y1j0o
I was denied access to the video due to my location allegedly 🤷🏻

As for the lessons learned from the Bahanaga Bazar accident here is a good article (over and year old article now):

https://frontline.thehindu.com/news...rain-accident-at-balasore/article67039892.ece

There was a similar accident at lower speed involving an Amtrak train in Michigan for surprisingly similar causes sometime back. In that case an Amtrak train inadvertently went into a siding at speed and derailed even though it had a clear signal on the main line. It happened because of improper wiring in a connection hut that S&C staff were working on.
 
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The Frontline item draws the same broad conclusions as the video does. 👍
The interesting thing is that unless these human actor protocols and operating procedures are fixed no amount of PTC or Kavach will prevent these sorts of accidents since these automation systems would be perfectly happy with what are essentially inputs at variance with reality (absent independent means of verification of consistency), i.e. not reflecting reality. In automation systems, for them to work right, the real state of the system must be reflected accurately to the system so that actions that it takes based on that information, that is reified into reality are consistent with reality. If not then things like train getting a green signal on the main runs off into a loop and crashes into something will happen. Unfortunately human beings can be very resourceful in screwing up.
 
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